Components and catalysts for the polymerization of olefins

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to a solid catalyst component for the polymerization of olefins CH 2 ═CHR in which R is hydrogen or a hydrocarbyl radical with 1-12 carbon atoms, comprising a titanium compound, having at least a Ti-halogen bond and an electron donor compound supported on a Mg halide, in which said electron donor compound is selected from esters of malonic acids of formula (I):                    
     wherein R 1  is a C 1 -C 20  linear or branched alkyl, C 3 -C 20  alkenyl, C 3 -C 20  cycloalkyl, C 6 -C 20  aryl, arylalkyl or alkylaryl group; R 2  is a C 1 -C 20  linear alkyl, C 3 -C 20  linear alkenyl, C 6 -C 20  aryl, arylalkyl or alkylaryl group; R 3  and R 4  are independently selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 3  alky, cyclopropyl, with the proviso that when R 1  is C 1 -C 4  linear or branched alkyl or alkenyl, R 2  is different from R 1 . Said catalyst components when used in the polymerization of olefins, and in particular of propylene, are capable to give high yields and polymers having high insolubility in xylene.

The present invention relates to catalyst components for the polymerization of olefins, to the catalyst obtained therefrom and to the use of said catalysts in the polymerization of olefins CH₂═CHR in which R is hydrogen or a hydrocarbyl radical with 1-12 carbon atoms. In particular the present invention relates to catalyst components, suitable for the stereospecific polymerization of olefins, comprising a titanium compound having at least a Ti-halogen bond and an electron donor compound selected from esters of malonic acid having a particular formula supported on a Mg halide. Said catalyst components used in the polymerization of olefins, and in particular of propylene, are capable to give polymers in high yields and with high isotactic index expressed in terms of high xylene insolubility.

The use of some esters of malonic acid as internal electron donors in catalysts for the polymerization of propylene is already known in the art.

In EP-A45977 is disclosed the use of an ester of the malonic acid (diethyl diisobutylmalonate) as internal donor of a catalyst for the polymerization of olefins. EP-A-86473 discloses a catalyst for the polymerization of olefins comprising (a) an alkyl compound, (b) an electron donor compound having certain reactivity features towards MgCl₂ and (c) a solid catalyst component comprising, supported on MgCl₂, a Ti halide and an electron donor selected from many classes of ester compounds including malonates. In particular, the use of diethyl allylmalonate and di-n-butyl malonate as internal donors in a catalyst for the polymerization of propylene is exemplified. From EP-A-86644 is known the use of diethyl n-butyl malonate and diethyl isopropylmalonate as internal donors in Mg-supported catalysts for the polymerization of propylene in which the external donor is a heterocyclic compound or a ketone. The European patent EP-B-125911 discloses a process for producing (co)polymers which comprises (co)polymerizing at least one olefin, optionally with a diolefin, in the presence of a catalyst composed of (a) a solid catalyst component containing Mg, Ti and an electron donor compound selected from esters of polycarboxylic acids, (b) an organometallic compound of a metal selected from group I to III of the periodic table, and (c) an organosilicon compound having a Si—O—C or a Si—N—C bond. Examples of preferred esters compounds include diethyl methylmalonate, diethyl butylmalonate, diethyl phenylmalonate, diethyl diethylmalonate, and diethyl dibutylmalonate. Only the use of a catalyst containing diethyl phenylmalonate has been exemplified in the preparation of polypropylene.

However, a common drawback experienced in the use of the above mentioned malonates was represented by a poor polymerization yield and/or a not suitable isotactic index of the final polymer.

JP-08157521 relates to a process for preparing a solid catalyst component for polymerization of olefins which is characterized by contacting a solid catalyst component produced by the reaction among a magnesium compound, a titanium compound and an halogen compound, with one or mere of electron donating compounds represented by the general formula:

wherein R^(c) and R^(d) are, independently selected from the group consisting of: a straight-chain or branched hydrocarbon group having 1-10 carbon atoms, and R^(a) and R^(b) are independently selected from an aliphatic or cyclic saturated hydrocarbon group containing one or more secondary or tertiary carbons and having 3-20 carbon atoms. According to this patent the fact that the substituents R^(a) and R^(b) are branched is very important.

It has now surprisingly been found that another class of malonate esters wherein one substituent in 2 position is selected from a linear alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, arylalkyl or alkylaryl group, when used as an internal electron donor, leads to higher polymerization yields compared to those obtainable by using the electron donors of the prior art still maintaining very high stereoselectivity. This is particularly surprising in view of the direct teaching of JP-A-08157521, which excluded this class of compounds.

It is therefore an object of the present invention a solid catalyst component for the polymerization of olefins CH₂═CHR in which R is hydrogen or a hydrogen radical with 1-12 carbon atoms, comprising a titanium compound, having at least a Ti-halogen bond and an electron donor compound supported on a Mg halide, in which said electron donor compound is selected from esters of malonic acids of formula (I):

wherein R¹ is a C₁-C₂₀ linear or branched alkyl, C₃-C₂₀ alkenyl, C₃-C₂₀ cycloalkyl, C₆-C₂₀ aryl, arylalkyl or alkylaryl group; R² is C₁-C₂₀ linear alkyl, C₃-C₂₀ linear alkenyl, C₆-C₂₀ aryl, arylalkyl or akylaryl group; R³ and R⁴ are independently selected from the group consisting of C₁-C₃ alkyl, cyclopropyl, with the proviso that when R₁ is C₁-C₄ linear or branched alkyl or alkenyl, R² is different from R₁; preferably R² is primary linear C₁-C₂₀ linear alkyl or a primary C₆-C₂₀ arylalkyl group.

These new electron donors permit to obtain higher yields in the polymerization process with respect to the catalyst containing the malonates known in the art.

Specific examples of preferred disubstituted malonates compounds are: diethyl-2,2-dibenzylmalonate, dimethyl-2-n-butyl-2-isobutylmalonate, diethyl-2-n-butyl-2-isobutylmalonate, diethyl-2-isopropyl-2-n-butylmalonate, diethyl-2-methyl-2-isopropylmalonate, diethyl-2-methyl-2-isobutylmalonate, diethyl-2-isobutyl-2-benzylmalonate.

The magnesium halide is preferably MgCl₂ in active form which is widely known from the patent literature as a support for Ziegler-Natta catalysts. U.S. Pat. No. 4,298,718 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,495,338 were the first to describe the use of these compounds in Ziegler-Natta catalysis. It is known from these patents that the magnesium dihalides in active form used as support or co-support in components of catalysts for the polymerization of olefins are characterized by X-ray spectra in which the most intense diffraction line that appears in the spectrum of the non-active halide is diminished in intensity and is replaced by a halo whose maximum intensity is displaced towards lower angles relative to that of the more intense line.

The preferred titanium compounds used in the catalyst component of the present invention are TiCl₄ and TiCl₃; furthermore, also Ti-haloalcoholates of formula Ti(OR)_(n-y)X_(y), where n is the valence of titanium and y is a number between 1 and n, can be used.

The preparation of the solid catalyst component can be carried out according to several methods.

According to one of these methods, the magnesium dichloride in an anhydrous state, the titanium compound and the electron donor compound of formula (I) are milled together under conditions in which activation of the magnesium dichloride occurs. The so obtained product can be treated one or more times with an excess of TiCl₄ at a temperature between 80 and 135° C. This treatment is followed by washings with hydrocarbon solvents until chloride ions disappeared.

According to a further method, the product obtained by co-milling the magnesium dichloride in an anhydrous state, the titanium compound and the electron donor compound of formula (I) is treated with halogenated hydrocarbons such as 1,2-dichloroethane, chlorobenzene, dichloromethane etc. The treatment is carried out for a time between 1 and 4 hours and at temperature of from 40° C. to the boiling point of the halogenated hydrocarbon. The product obtained is then generally washed with inert hydrocarbon solvents such as hexane.

According to another method, magnesium dichloride is preactivated according to well known methods and then treated with an excess of TiCl₄ at a temperature of about 80 to 135° C. which contains, in solution, an electron donor compound of formula (I). The treatment with TiCl₄ is repeated and the solid is washed with hexane in order to eliminate any non-reacted TiCl₄.

A further method comprises the reaction between magnesium alcoholates or chloroalcoholates (in particular chloroalcoholates prepared according to U.S. Pat. No. 4,220,554) and an excess of TiCl₄ containing the electron donor compound (I) in solution at a temperature of about 80 to 120° C.

According to a preferred method, the solid catalyst component can be prepared by reacting a titanium compound of formula Ti(OR)_(n-y)X_(y), where n is the valence of titanium and y is a number between 1 and n, preferably TiCl₄, with a magnesium dichloride obtained by dealcoholation of an adduct of formula MgCl₂.pROH, where p is a number between 0.1 and 6 and R is a hydrocarbon radical having 1-18 carbon atoms. The adduct can be suitably prepared in spherical form by mixing alcohol and magnesium chloride in the presence of an inert hydrocarbon immiscible with the adduct, operating under stirring conditions at the melting temperature of the adduct (100-130° C.). Then, the emulsion is quickly quenched thereby causing the solidification of the adduct in form of spherical particles. Examples of spherical adducts prepared according to this procedure are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,399,054. The so obtained adduct can be directly reacted with the Ti compound or it can be previously subjected to thermal controlled dealcoholation (80-130° C.) so as to obtain an adduct in which the number of moles of alcohol is generally lower than 2.5 preferably between 0.1 and 1.5. The reaction with the Ti compound can be carried out by suspending the adduct (dealcoholated or as such) in cold TiCl₄ (generally 0° C.); the mixture is heated up to 80-130° C. and kept at this temperature for 0.5-2 hours. The treatment with TiCl₄ can be carried out one or more times. The electron donor compound of formula (I) can be added during the treatment with TiCl₄. The treatment with the electron donor compound can be repeated one or more times.

The preparation of catalyst components in spherical form are described for example in EP-A-395083, EP-A-553805, EP-A-553806.

The solid catalyst components obtained according to the above method show a surface area (by B.E.T. method) generally between 20 and 500 m²/g and preferably between 50 and 400 m²/g, and a total porosity (by B.E.T. method) higher than 0.2 cm³/g preferably between 0.2 and 0.6 cm³/g.

A further method to prepare the solid catalyst component of the invention comprises halogenating magnesium dihydrocarbyloxide compounds, such as magnesium dialkoxide or diaryloxide, with solution of TiCl₄ in aromatic hydrocarbon (such as toluene, xylene etc.) at temperatures between 80 and 130° C. The treatment with the TiCl₄ in aromatic hydrocarbon solution can be repeated one or more times, and the electron donor compound of formula (1) is added during one or more of these treatments.

In any of these preparation methods the desired electron donor compound of formula (I) can be added as such or, in an alternative way, it can be obtained in situ by using an appropriate precursor capable to be transformed in the desired electron donor compound by means, for example, of known chemical reactions such as esterification, transesterification etc. Generally, the electron donor compound of formula (I) is used in molar ratio with respect to the MgCl₂ of from 00.1 to 1 preferably 0.05 to 0.5.

The solid catalyst component according to the present invention are converted to the catalysts for the polymerization of olefins by reacting them with organoaluminium compounds according to known methods.

In particular, it is an object of the present invention a catalyst for the polymerization of olefins CH₂═CHR, in which R is hydrogen or a hydrocarbyl radical with 1-12 carbon atoms, comprising the product of the reaction between:

(i) a solid catalyst component comprising a titanium compound having at least a Ti-halogen bond, and an electron donor compound supported on a Mg halide in active form, in which said electron donor compound is selected from esters of malonic acids of formula (I):

 wherein R¹ is a C₁-C₂₀ linear or branched alkyl, C₃-C₂₀ alkenyl, C₃-C₂₀ cycloalkyl, C₆-C₂₀ aryl, arylalkyl or alkylaryl group; R² is a C₁-C₂₀ linear alkyl, C₃-C₂₀ linear alkenyl, C₆-C₂₀ aryl, arylalkyl or alkylaryl group; R³ and R⁴ are independently selected from the group consisting of C₁-C₃ alkyl, cyclopropyl, with the proviso that when R₁ is C₁-C₄ linear or branched alkyl or alkenyl, R² is different from R¹; preferably R² is primary linear C₁-C₂₀ alkyl or a primary C₆-C₂₀ arylalkyl group,

(ii) an alkylaluminium compound, and

(iii) one or more electron-donor compounds (external donor).

The alkylaluminium compound (ii) is preferably chosen among the trialkyl aluminium compounds such as for example triethylaluminium, triisobutylaluminium, tri-n-butylaluminium, tri-n-hexylaluminium, tri-n-octylaluminium. It is also possible to use mixtures of trialkylaluminium's with alkylaluminium halides, alkylaluminium hydrides or alkylaluminium sesquichlorides such as AlEt₂Cl and Al₂Et₃Cl₃.

The external donor (iii) can be of the same type or it can be different from the internal donor of formula (I). Suitable external electron-donor compounds include the ethers, the Hiesters, the amines, heterocyclic compounds and particularly 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidine, the ketones and the 1,3-diethers of the general formula (II):

wherein R and R^(I), R^(II), R^(III), R^(IV) and R^(V) equal or different to each other, hydrogen or hydrocarbon radicals having from 1 to 18 carbon atoms, and R^(VI) and R^(VII), equal or different from each other, have the same meaning of R-R^(I) except that they cannot be hydrogen; one or more of the R-R^(VII) groups can be linked to form a cycle.

Particularly preferred are the external donors chosen among silicon compounds of formula R_(a) ⁵R_(b) ⁶Si(OR⁷)_(c), where a and b are integers from 0 to 2, c is an integer from 1 to 4 and the sum (a+b+c) is 4; R⁵, R⁶ and R⁷ are alkyl, cycloalkyl or aryl radicals with 1-18 carbon atoms. Particularly preferred are silicon compounds in which a is 1, b is 1 and c is 2. Among the compounds of this preferred class, particularly preferred are the compounds in which R⁵ and/or R⁶ are branched alkyl, cycloalkyl or aryl groups with 3-10 carbon atoms and R⁷ is a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, in particular methyl. Examples of such preferred silicon compounds are methylcyclohexyldimethoxysilane, diphenyldimethoxysilane, methyl-t-butyldimethoxysilane, dicyclopentyldimethoxysilane. Moreover, are also preferred the silicon compounds in which a is 0, c is 3 and R⁶ is a branched alkyl or cycloalkyl group and R⁷ is methyl. Examples of such preferred silicon compounds are cyclohexyltrimethoxysilane, t-butyltrimethoxysilane and thexyltrimethoxysilane.

The electron donor compound (iii) is used such an amount to give a molar ratio, between the organoalurninium compound and said electron donor compound (iii) of from 0.1 to 500 preferably from 1 to 300 and more preferably from 3 to 100. As previously indicated, when used in the (co)polymerization of olefins, and in particular of propylene, the catalysts of the invention allow to obtain, with high yields, polymers having a high isotactic index (expressed by high xylene insolubility X.I.), thus showing an excellent balance of properties. This is particularly surprising in view of the fact that, as it can be seen from the comparison examples herebelow reported, the use as internal electron donors of malonate compounds known in the art gives poor results in term of yields and/or xylene insolubility thereby showing a very insufficient balance of properties.

Therefore, it constitutes a further object of the present invention a process for the (co)polymerization of olefins CH₂═CHR, in which R is hydrogen or a hydrocarbyl radical with 1-12 carbon atoms, carried out in the presence of a catalyst comprising the product of the reaction between:

(i) a solid catalyst component comprising a titanium compound having at least a Ti-halogen bond, and an electron donor compound supported on a Mg halide in active form, in which said electron donor compound is selected from esters of malonic acids of formula (I):

 wherein R¹ is a C₁-C₂₀ linear or branched alkyl, C₃-C₂₀ alkenyl, C₃-C₂₀ cycloalkyl, C₆-C₂₀ aryl, arylalkyl or alkylaryl group; R² is a C₁-C₂₀ linear alkyl, C₃-C₂₀ linear alkenyl, C₆-C₂₀ aryl, arylalkyl or alkylaryl group; R³ and R⁴ are independently selected from the group consisting of C₁-C₃ alkyl, cyclopropyl, with the proviso that when R¹ is C₁-C₄ linear or branched alkyl or alkenyl, R² is different different from R¹; preferably R² is primary linear C₁-C₂₀ alkyl or a primary C₆-C₂₀ arylalkyl group,

(ii) an alkylaluminium compound, and

(iii) one or more electron-donor compounds (external donor).

Said polymerization process can be carried out according to known techniques for example slurry polymerization using as diluent an inert hydrocarbon solvent, or bulk polymerization using the liquid monomer (for example propylene) as a reaction medium. Moreover, it is possible carrying out the polymerization process in gas-phase operating in one or more fluidized or mechanically agitated bed reactors.

The polymerization is generally carried out at temperature of from 20 to 120° C., preferably of from 40 to 80° C. When the polymerization is carried out in gas-phase the operating pressure is generally between 0.5 and 10 MPa, preferably between 1 and 5 MPa. In the bulk polymerization the operating pressure is generally between 1 and 6 MPa preferably between 1.5 and MPa. Hydrogen or other compounds capable to act as chain transfer agents can be used to control the molecular weight of polymer.

The following examples are given in order to better illustrate the invention without limiting it.

Characterizations

The diethyl malonates of formula (I) used in the present invention can be prepared according to known chemical synthesis as those described for example by J. March in “Advanced Organic Chemistry” IV Ed. (1992) pp. 464468.

The malonates having R³ and R⁴ different from ethyl can be prepared by transesterification of the correspondent diethyl malonate as described in Example 1 of DE 2822472.

Propylene General Polymerization Procedure

In a 4 liter autoclave, purged with nitrogen flow at 70° C. for one hour, 80 ml of anhydrous hexane containing 10 mg of solid catalyst component, 7 mmoles of AlEt₃ and 0.35 mmoles of dicyclopentyldimethoxysilane were introduced in propylene flow at 30 C. The autoclave was closed, 3 NL of hydrogen were added and then, under stirring, 1.2 Kg of liquid propylene were fed. The temperature was raised to 70° C. in five minutes and the polymerization was carried out at this temperature for two hours. The unreacted propylene was removed, the polymer was recovered and dried at 70° C. under vacuum for three hours, and then it was weighed and fractionated with o-xylene to determine the amount of the xylene insoluble (X.I.) fraction at 25° C.

Determination of X.I.

2.5 g of polymer were dissolved in 250 ml of o-xylene under stirring at 135° C. for 30 minutes, then the solution was cooled to 25° C. and after 30 minutes the insoluble polymer was filtered. The resulting solution was evaporated in nitrogen flow and the residue was dried and weighed to determine the percentage of soluble polymer and then, by difference, the X.I.%.

EXAMPLES Examples 1-8

Preparation of Solid Catalyst Components

Into a 500 ml four-necked round flask, purged with nitrogen, 225 ml of TiCl₄ were introduced at 0° C. While stirring, 10.3 g of microspheroidal MgCl₂×2.1C₂H₅OH (obtained by partial thermal dealcoholation of an adduct prepared as described in ex. 2 of U.S. Pat. No. 4,399,054 but operating at 3,000 rpm instead of 10,000) were added. The flask was heated to 40° C. and 9 mmoles of malonate were thereupon added. The temperature was raised to 100° C. and maintained for two hours, then the stirring was discontinued, the solid product was allowed to settle and the supernatant liquid was siphoned off.

200 ml of fresh TiCl₄ were added, the mixture was reacted at 120° C. for one hour and then the supernatant liquid was siphoned off. The solid was washed six times with anhydrous hexane (6×100 ml) at 60° C. and then dried under vacuum: the malonates used, the amount of Ti (wt %) and of malonates (wt %) contained in the solid catalyst component are reported in table 1. The polymerization results are reported in table 2.

Comparative Examples 9, 10

Preparation of Solid Catalyst Component

The catalyst components have been prepared according to the same procedure of the examples 1-8 except for the fact that malonates different from those of formula (I) have been used. The malonates used, the amount of Ti (wt %) and of malonates (wt %) contained in the solid catalyst component are reported in table 1. The polymerization results are reported in table 2.

As it can be seen from the above, the use of the electron donor compounds of formula (I) permit to obtain higher yields in the polymerization process with respect to the catalyst containing the malonates known in the art. In particular it is very surprising the fact that by changing for example from diethyl 2,2-diisobutyl malonate (comp. Ex. 9) to diethyl-2-n-butyl-2-isobutyl malonate (Ex. 6) the yield in the polymerization process increases from 20.1 to 39.5 KgPP/gCat.

TABLE 1 Solid catalyst component preparation Solid catalyst component composition Ex. Ti Malonate n. Malonate type wt % type wt % 1 diethyl 2-methyl-2-isopropyl 3.2 diethyl2-methyl-2-isopropyl 10.9 2 diethyl 2-methyl-2-isobutyl 4.1 diethyl 2-methyl-2-isobutyl 9.7 3 diethyl 2-ethyl-2-sec-butyl 4.6 diethyl 2-ethyl-2-sec-butyl 12.9 4 diethyl 2-isopropyl-2-n-butyl 4.0 diethyl 2-isopropyl-2-n-butyl 14.5 5 dimethyl 2-n-butyl-2-isobutyl 3.8 dimethyl 2-n-butyl-2-isobutyl 16.3 6 diethyl 2-n-butyl-2-isobutyl 4.6 diethyl 2-n-bytyl-2-isobutyl 15.1 7 diethyl 2-isobutyl-2-benzyl 4.9 diethyl 2-isobutyl-2-benzyl 14.5 8 diethyl 2,2-dibenzyl 4.7 diethyl 2,2-dibenzyl 14.1 comp. 9  diethyl 2,2-diisobutyl 4.5 diethyl 2,2-diisobutyl 13.5 comp. 10 diethyl 2,2-diallyl 3.9 diethyl 2,2-diallyl 8.6

TABLE 2 Yield X.I. Example KgPP/gCat % 1 35.5 96.8 2 35.8 96.6 3 38.6 96.8 4 35.8 96.5 5 35.3 96.7 6 39.5 97.0 7 39.0 96.0 8 45.2 96.4 comp. 9  20.1 96.7 comp. 10 17.7 93.9 

What is claimed is:
 1. A solid catalyst for the polymerization of olefins CH₂═CHR in which R is hydrogen or a hydrocarbon radical with 1-12 carbon atoms, comprising a titanium compound, having at least a Ti-halogen bond and an electron donor compound supported on a Mg halide, in which said electron donor compound is selected from esters of malonic acids of formula (I):

wherein R¹ is a C₁-C₂₀ linear or branched alkyl, C₃-C₂₀ alkenyl, C₃-C₂₀ cycloalkyl, C₆-C₂₀ aryl, arylalkyl or akylaryl group; R² is C₁-C₂₀ linear alkyl, C₃-C₂₀ linear alkenyl, C₆-C₂₀ aryl, arylalkyl or alkylaryl group; R³ and R⁴ are independently selected from the group consisting of C₁-C₃ alkyl, cyclopropyl, with the proviso that when R₁ is C₁-C₄ linear or branched alkyl or alkenyl, R² is different from R₁.
 2. A solid catalyst component according to claim 1 in which R² is a primary linear C₁-C₂₀ alkyl or a primary C₆-C₂₀ arylalkyl group.
 3. A solid catalyst component according to claim 1 in which R₁ or R² is a primary C₆-C₂₀ arylalkyl group.
 4. A solid catalyst component according to claim 1 in which the electron donor compound of formula (I) is selected from the group consisting of: diethyl 2,2-dibenzylmalonate, dimethyl-2-n-butyl-2-isobutylmalonate, diethyl-n-butyl-2-isobutylmalonate, diethyl-2-isopropyl-2-n-butylmalonate, diethyl-2-methyl-2-isopropylmalonate, diethyl-2-methyl-2-isobutylmalonate, diethyl 2-isobutyl-2-benzylmalonate.
 5. A solid catalyst component according to claim 1 in which the Mg halide is MgCl₂ in active form.
 6. A solid catalyst component according to claim 1 in which the titanium compound is TiCl₄ or TiCl₃.
 7. A solid catalyst component according to claim 1 having a spherical form, a surface area between 20 and 500 m²/g, and a porosity higher than 0.2 cm³/g.
 8. A catalyst for the polymerization of olefins CH₂═CHR, in which R is hydrogen or a hydrocarbyl radical with 1-12 carbon atoms, comprising the product of the reaction between: (i) the solid catalyst component of claim 1; (ii) an alkylaluminium compound and, (iii) one or more electron-donor compounds (external donor).
 9. Catalyst according to claim 8 in which the alkylaluminium compound (ii) is a trialkyl aluminium compound.
 10. Catalyst according to claim 9 in which the trialkyl aluminium compound is selected from the group consisting of triethylaluminium, triisobutylaluminium, tri-n-butylaluminium, tri-n-hexylaluminium, tri-n-octylaluminium.
 11. Catalyst according to claim 8 in which the external donor (iii) is selected from the 1,3-diethers of the general formula (II):

wherein R and R^(I), R^(II), R^(III), R^(IV) and R^(V), equal or different to each other, hydrogen or hydrocarbon radicals having from 1 to 18 carbon atoms, and R^(VI) and R^(VII), equal or different from each other, have the same meaning of R-R^(I) except that they cannot be hydrogen; two or more of the R-R^(VII) groups can be linked to form a cycle.
 12. Catalyst according to claim 8 in which the external donor (iii) is a silicon compound of formula, R_(a) ⁵R_(b) ⁶Si(OR⁷)_(c), where a and b are integers from 0 to 2, c is an integer from 1 to 4 and the sum (a+b+c) is 4; R⁵, R⁶ and R⁷ are alkyl, cycloalkyl or aryl radicals with 1-18 carbon atoms.
 13. Catalyst according to claim 12 in which a is 1, b is 1 and c is
 2. 14. Catalyst according to claim 13 in which R⁵ and/or R⁶ are branched alkyl, cycloalkyl or aryl groups with 3-10 carbon atoms and R⁷ is a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group.
 15. Catalyst according to claim 13 in which R⁵ and/or R⁶ are branched alkyl, cycloalkyl or aryl groups with 3-10 carbon atoms and R⁷ is a methyl group.
 16. Catalyst according to claim 12 in which a is 0, c is 3 and R⁶ is a branched alkyl or cycloalkyl group and R⁷ is methyl.
 17. Catalyst according to claim 14 in which the silicon compound is selected from the group consisting of methylcyclohexyldimethoxysilane, diphenyldimethoxysilane, methyl-t-butyldimethoxysilane, dicyclopentyldiriethoxysilane cyclohexyltrimethoxysilane, t-butyltrimethoxysilane and thexyltrimethoxysilane.
 18. Process for the (co)polymerization of olefins CH₂═CHR, in which R is hydrogen or a hydrocarbyl radical with 1-12 carbon atoms, carried out in the presence of the catalyst of claim
 8. 